Mudbox can extract texture maps in a range of bit-depths (8, 16, 32 bit). In general, the bit depth of an extracted texture map determines how accurate the resulting image is in relation to the surface from which it was extracted. The bit depth you specify depends entirely on your production requirements. For example, in games applications an 8 bit normal map may fully meet the production requirements, whereas for film applications, a 32 bit floating point bit displacement map may be necessary.
8 bit displacement maps - Can record 256 unique height values. The extracted height values are converted to gray scale values in an image. The range of values are then normalized to fit within the given bit depth. For this reason, 8 bit maps cannot accurately capture surface displacements that cover a wide range on the mesh and can appear with banding because of the compressed and limited tonal range in the image. When an 8 bit displacement map is applied to a mesh and rendered, the banding in the texture map appears as stair-stepping or contour lines on the rendered model. An 8 bit displacement map can be suitable in situations where a low resolution result is sufficient, however.
16 bit displacement maps - Can record 65,536 unique height values. Just like an 8 bit map, the ranges of values are compressed into a 0 to 1 range which results in banding artifacts on the resulting image (though less pronounced than a comparable 8 bit map). More detail can be extracted compared to the 8 bit, but contour lines and stair-stepping can still occur when the texture is rendered.
32 bit displacement maps - Can record 4,294,967,295 unique height values as floating point values, and capture all of the detail on a mesh without any loss in quality (provided that the UV texture coordinates are laid out efficiently). This is the recommended bit depth for extracting displacement and vector displacement maps in Mudbox if high resolution detail with minimal artifacts is a requirement for your production.
Mudbox extracts 32 bit floating point maps in world space units (centimeters by default) by recording the actual distance between the source and target surfaces. The values are not normalized and use black as the base point. Where the high resolution (source) surface is above the low resolution (target) surface, a positive value is recorded. Where the high resolution (source) surface is below the low resolution (target) surface, a negative value is recorded.
On 32 bit gray scale images, zero and negative distances display as black values in the image, distances between 0 and 1 as a gray scale value, and distances larger than 1 display as white. This might lead you to initially believe that the image is normalized to fit within a zero to one value range similar to the 8 or 16 bit map. However, the 32 bit image records a range of data larger than your computer monitor can display in one image.
A 32 bit image, also referred to as a high dynamic range image (HDRI), records all of the positive and negative distance values beyond the 0 to 1 range, so it contains much more information than can be displayed on your computer monitor. To view this full range of values you need a utility that displays HDRI images such as the Image Browser in Mudbox.
