Create a keyframe animation

Create the behavior

1. Press B to show the Behaviors interface.
2. Select the objects in the scene you wish to animate.
   NoteAny objects currently selected when a Keyframe Animation is created are automatically added to the animation.
3. Click the arrow beside the Create button and select Keyframe Animation.

   A new keyframe animation behavior is added, with an icon in the Behaviors interface.

4. If an object is selected when the animation is created, the Keyframe Properties window will open.

   

Setting keyframes

Keyframe animations require that two “key frames” be defined for an animation to occur. The animation is the automatic interpolation of an object between two or more positions in space (with Translation, Rotation, and Scale).

1. Select the object you wish to animate. If the object was selected when you created the behavior, it can be selected by clicking on its timeline in the Properties window.
   NoteOnly single hierarchy nodes (single objects or group nodes) in the scene can have keyframes applied on a timeline. However, multiple objects can be added to the same Keyframe Animation behavior - each with their own timelines and keyframes.
2. Position the object in the scene where you would like it to be at one time in your animation. Use the Transform Handles (H) for the easiest manipulation.
3. Open the Keyframe Animation Properties window by double-clicking on the behavior icon. Or right-click the keyframe animation icon in the Behaviors interface, and select Properties... from the menu.
4. Click in the timeline to set the keyframe location in time.

   

   A gray bar will appear on the timeline as a marker, and a tooltip will indicate what time you are at.

   NoteAll times are in marked in seconds. The frame rate of the animation is determined by your hardware, and at the output stage of animation rendering.
5. Press the Add New Key button (shown in the following image) or press the “,” (comma) hotkey.

   

   The current position and orientation of the selected object in the scene will be “saved” in this key. A new line will appear on the timeline with an orange triangular handle on the bottom to indicate it is selected.

6. Use the Transform Handles (H) to reposition the object in the scene.
7. Press the Add New Key button or use the “,” (comma) hotkey to set a second keyframe.

   The timeline will automatically advance by 1 second to prevent overlapping keyframes.

8. Drag the new keyframe to the desired location along the timeline in relation to the first.
   NoteIf an exact time is desired, type the value in the Keyframe time field below the timeline.
9. Preview the animation by “scrubbing” the timeline. Click and drag in the timeline between the two keyframes. The animated object will move in the viewport at the speed you drag.

   

10. Press the Playback Controls button to play the animation at full speed.

    

    For more information on the behavior Playback Controls, see: Play the turntable animation.

Animating more than one object

Multiple objects in the scene can be animated within a single keyframe animation behavior. Each will have its own timeline and keyframes, and they can be viewed relative to each other in the Behavior Properties window, and played back all at once with the behavior Playback Controls.

Add additional objects to the behavior

1. Open the Keyframe Animation Properties window by double-clicking on the behavior icon. Or right-click the keyframe animation icon in the Behaviors interface, and select Properties... from the menu.
2. Select the objects in the scene you wish to add.
3. Press the Choose button for Associated Objects, and select Add Selection To from the menu.

   An additional timeline with the name of the new object to the left of it will appear in the Properties window.

   

4. Click and drag in the second timeline to set a keyframe position, and keyframe as usual.

Switch between multiple timelines

Each object timeline must be keyframed and edited individually. They are stacked to allow synchronization of the timepoints and reference to each other.

1. Click in the timeline of the object you wish to keyframe or transform.

   The timeline will turn orange, and the associated object in the scene will be selected for transformation.

2. Move the time location bar (gray vertical bar) to set the location for new keyframes.
3. Scrubbing the timeline (sliding the time location bar) will cause the animations in other timelines to display in the viewport as well.
   NoteIf the movement of other objects in the same keyframe animation behavior is distracting, those objects can be hidden using the standard View > Hide command.

Basic Keyframe Animation Properties

Name:

Click in the Name field and type to set the name of the behavior.

Associated objects:

Click the Choose button and Add or Remove objects from the behavior, or Select all objects in the behavior.

Duration:

The total duration of the animation. The time between the first keyframe and the last keyframe.

Play Mode:

Set the way the overall animation will play back. Once to start and stop from first to last keyframe. Loop to continually restart when the end of the animation is reached. Oscillate to play backwards and forwards when either end of the animation is reached.

Position or Pivot mode:

Set how animation paths are determined. See Keyframe animation modes.

Timeline Controls

Keyframe action buttons

Keyframe time

The current time of the selected keyframe. Type a numeric value to move the keyframe to that precise time.

Add new keyframe

Hotkey: “,” (comma). Adds a keyframe at the current time with the current position and orientation of the selected object.

Update keyframe

Hotkey: “.” (period). Updates the currently selected keyframe with the position and orientation of the object. Overwrites any previous keyed values.

Delete keyframe

Hotkey: k”. Deletes the currently selected keyframe. If multiple keyframes are selected, all are deleted.

Frame navigation buttons

Go to first keyframe

Moves the playback location to the first keyframe in the active timeline, and selects it.

Go to previous keyframe

Moves the playback location to the next keyframe to the left of the current time in the active timeline, and selects it.

Go to next keyframe

Moves the playback location to the next keyframe to the right of the current time in the active timeline, and selects it.

Go to last keyframe

Moves the playback location to the last keyframe in the active timeline, and selects it.

Timeline navigation buttons

Zoom In

Zooms the timeline in around the currently selected keyframe(s). The duration of the animation does not change, but the displayed time fits into the UI.

Zoom Out

Zooms the timeline out around the currently selected keyframe(s). The duration of the animation does not change, but the displayed time fits into the UI.

Editing animations

Animations can be adjusted by editing single or multiple keyframes along the timeline.

Editing individual keyframes

• Move a keyframe interactively: click on the keyframe handle (it will turn orange to indicate it is selected) and drag it on the timeline. The Keyframe time will update with the current position of the selected keyframe.
  NoteIndividual keyframes can be dragged “past” other keyframes in the timeline. This will significantly alter your animation!
• Move a keyframe numerically: click on the keyframe handle to select the key, and type a new time position in the Keyframe Time dialog box.
• Delete a keyframe: press the k key or the Delete Keyframe button.

Editing multiple keyframes

Multiple keyframes on a single timeline can be edited at once. This permits scaling of the keyframes relative to each other, as well as movement.

• Select multiple keyframes: Shift-click to add multiple keyframes to a selection.

  Each key will highlight in orange and the multi-key Edit Handles will appear in the timeline.

• Move multiple keyframes together: click on the central arrows of the multi-key Edit Handles, and drag in the desired direction.

  

  NoteMultiple keyframes cannot be dragged “past” other keyframes in the timeline, and will stop whenever a selected keyframe encounters a non-selected keyframe.
• Scale multiple keyframes together: click on the endpoint arrows of the multi-key Edit Handles, and drag away from the center to scale the selected keyframes relative to each other. The keyframe on the opposite end will remain in the same position.

  

Keyframe animation modes

Keyframe animations are created by interpreting the changes between two or more set keyframes. The way the pivot rotations and transforms are interpreted can be changed by setting the keyframe animation mode.

Set the keyframe animation mode

• Position mode: Preserves object positions at all keyframes. The animation between keyframes is based entirely on the object position and orientation at the time the key was made. To alter the animation, reposition the object at either keyframe and update the key.

  For example: a door opens by rotating along a set axis. If the axis of rotation is not perfect in Position Mode, alter the position at the end keyframe to match what is expected. If the rotation changes within the animation, set another key after correcting the rotation at the interior time.

• Pivot mode: Updates object positions when the object pivot is moved. The animation between keyframes is based on the object position and the pivot point for orientation. To alter the animation, reposition the pivot or reposition the object at either keyframe.

  Changing the object pivot position will not alter the relative animation, but will affect object position at all keyframes. This is similar to a traditional animation workflow. For example: a door opens by rotating along a set axis. If the axis of rotation is not perfect in Pivot Mode, simply move the pivot to where the object rotation axis should be.

Keyframe animation limitations

• All transforms are keyed at once: In many dedicated animation applications, rotation, translation, and scale can be keyframed and manipulated separately for each object on a single timeline. In Showcase keyframe animation behaviors, all three transforms are keyframed together.

  For example: an object must move 10 units in 10 seconds, and rotate 90 degrees in 5 seconds. To achieve both of these, three keyframes are needed. #1 at the initial (non) transformed location, #2 at 5 seconds with 90 degrees of rotation and 5 units of movement, and #3 at 10 seconds with 5 more units of movement.

  NoteThis limitation can be overcome by grouping objects to themselves and animating the group nodes separately from the main object. This allows each timeline and keyframes to be adjusted independently, while the single object inherits all transforms.
• Rotation greater than 180 degrees: Keyframe animation works by finding the shortest distance between keyframed positions and orientations. In cases of rotation, this can mean that the shortest distance is actually the reverse of the direction the object was originally rotated.

  For example: an object must rotate 270 degrees (3/4 of a revolution). A keyframe is set at rotation=0, and again after rotating the object 270 degrees. The second keyframe is actually rotation=270 or -90, as the position is all that is considered. So playback will result in -90 degree rotation (backwards of what is intended).

  NoteTo correctly rotate objects beyond 180 degrees, set keyframes at regular intervals less than 180. For 270 degrees, use 4 keyframes. #1 at 0 degrees, #2 at 90 degrees, #3 at 180 degrees, and #4 at 270 degrees. Each increment is less than 180 degrees, so the rotation takes place in the right direction.
• Relative speed: The common Playback Controls include + (plus) and - (minus) buttons to adjust the speed of playback. Once these are used, the per-second notations on the timeline lose their absolute timing, but retain their relative distance to each other. In other words, the animation speed has become relative.